Groups HT23, Homomorphisms
Flashcards
@Define an isomorphism $\phi$ between two groups $G$ and $H$.
A bijection such that
\[\phi(g _ 1 \ast g _ 2) = \phi(g _ 1) \ast \phi(g _ 2)\]What does it mean for two groups to be isomorphic?
There is an isomorphism between them.
What is true about $G$ if $ \vert G \vert = 2p$ where $p$ prime?
What is true about the elements of $G$ if $G$ has even order?
It contains an element of order $2$.
When proving that if $G$ has even order, then it contains an element of order $2$, what equivalence relation do you define to partition the group into collections of one or two elements?
Let $G$ and $H$ be two groups. @Define a homomorphism.
A map $f : G \to H$ such that $f(g _ 1 \ast g _ 2) = f(g _ 1) f(g _ 2)$ for all $g _ 1, g _ 2 \in G$.
@Define the automorphism group $\mathrm{Aut}(G)$ of a group $G$.
The set of all automorphisms on $G$ under function composition.
Suppose $f : G \to H$ is a group homomorphism and $g \in G$ has order $n$. What can you deduce?
@Define the trivial homomorphism on a group.
The map that sends every element to the identity.
Can you give the automorphism on a group $G$ that represents conjugation by $g$?
Let $f : G \to H$ be a group homomorphism. @Define $\mathrm{Im} f$.
Let $f : G \to H$ be a group homomorphism. @Define $\ker f$.
What does it mean for a homomorphism $\phi : G \to H$ to be constant on a coset of $\ker \phi$ and to take different values on different cosets?
For all $g _ 1, g _ 2 \in G$, $\phi(g _ 1) = \phi(g _ 2)$ if and only if $g _ 1 \ker \phi = g _ 2 \ker \phi$.
Can you quickly prove that a homomorphism $\phi : G \to H$ will be constant on cosets of $\ker \phi$ and takes different values on different cosets?
There’s a result in linear algebra that a linear transformation $T$ is injective if and only if $\mathrm{nullity}(T) = 0$. What’s the analogous result about homomorphisms?
$f : G \to H$ is an isomorphism if and only if $\ker f = \{ e _ H \}$.
What fact connecting the kernel of a homomorphism $\phi : G \to H$ and cosets allows you to prove that $\phi$ is an isomorphism if and only if its kernel is $\{e _ H\}$?
For all $g _ 1, g _ 2 \in G$, $\phi(g _ 1) = \phi(g _ 2)$ if and only if $g _ 1 \ker \phi = g _ 2 \ker \phi$.
Quickly justify that $\ker \phi \trianglelefteq G$?
Proofs
@Prove that an isomorphism $\phi : G \to H$ between groups $(G, \ast _ G)$ and $(H, \ast _ H)$ has
\[\begin{aligned}
&\phi(e _ G) = e _ H \\
&\phi(g^{-1}) = \phi(g)^{-1}
\end{aligned}\]
Todo.
@Prove that any group of prime order $p$ is isomorphic to $C _ p$.
Todo.
@Prove that any group of even order has an element of order $2$.
Todo.
@Prove that if $f : G \to H$ is a group homomorphism and $g \in G$ has order $n$, then
\[o(f(g)) \vert n\]
Todo (groups and group actions, page 50)
@Prove that if $G$ is a group and $g, h \in G$ are conjugate, then $o(g) = o(h)$ and $g^{-1}$ and $h^{-1}$ are conjugate.
Todo (groups and group actions, page 51). Consider $o(g) \vert o(h)$ and $o(h) \vert o(g)$.