Maths - Binomial Theorem

Pearson Edexcel Mathematics 2022


The binomial theorem and general term

\[(a + b)^{12}\]

What would you use to expand this?

The binomial theorem.

What is the $r$-th term in the binomial expansion of $(a + b)^n$?

\[ \left(\begin{matrix} n \\\\ r \end{matrix}\right) a^n b^{n - r}\]

Pascal’s triangle

\[1 \quad 5 \quad 10 \quad 10 \quad 5 \quad 1\]

What is the next row of Pascal’s triangle?

\[1 \quad 6 \quad 15 \quad 20 \quad 15 \quad 6 \quad 1\]

What does the $n$-th row of Pascal’s triangle start with (ignoring the top)?

\[1 \quad n\]

What are the coefficients for $(a + b)^3$?

\[1 \quad 3 \quad 3 \quad 1\]

What is $(a + b)^3$?

\[a^3 + 3a^2b + 3ab^2 + b^3\]

Symmetry of binomial coefficients

\[ \left(\begin{matrix} 8 \\ 3 \end{matrix}\right) \]

Because of the symmetry property, what is this equal to?

\[\left(\begin{matrix} 8 \\\\ 5 \end{matrix}\right)\]
\[ \left(\begin{matrix} n \\ r \end{matrix}\right) \]

Because of the symmetry property, what is this equal to?

\[\left(\begin{matrix} n \\\\ n-r \end{matrix}\right)\]

Finding a particular term

What would be the expression for working out the $x^3$ term of $(2x + 6)^7$?

\[\left(\begin{matrix} 7 \\\\ 3 \end{matrix}\right) (2x)^3 (6)^4\]

The binomial series for (1 + x)^n

What is the formula for $(1 + x)^n$ where $ \vert x \vert < 1$?

\[1 + nx + \frac{n(n-1)}{2!}x^2 + \frac{n(n-1)(n-2)}{3!}x^3 + ... + \frac{n(n-1)(n-2)...(n-(r-1))}{r!}x^r\]

Why does the result

\[(1 + x)^n \equiv 1 + nx + \frac{n(n-1)}{2!}x^2 + ...\]

hold when $n > 1$ even though the sequence is infinite?

Because you get $0$ in the numerator for later terms and so they disappear.

What is the $x^2$ term in the formula for $(1 + x)^n$?

\[\frac{n(n-1)}{2!} x^2\]

What is the $x^7$ term in the formula for $(1 + x)^n$?

\[\frac{n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)(n-4)(n-5)(n-6)}{7!} x^7\]

Validity of the binomial series

When is the expansion for

\[(1 + x)^n\]

valid?

\[ \vert x \vert < 1\]

When is the expansion for

\[(1 + 4x)^n\]

valid?

\[ \vert x \vert < \frac{1}{4}\]

When is the approximation for

\[(1 + x)^n\]

the best?

When the values of $x$ are small.

Manipulating into standard form

What is

\[(a + bx)^n\]

equivalent to?

\[a^n\left( 1 + \frac{b}{a}x \right)^n\]

How would you tackle finding the binomial expansion for

\[\frac{4 - 5x}{(1 + x)(2 - x)}\]

?

Use partial fractions.

Expanding a quotient under a root

How would you tackle finding the binomial expansion for

\[\sqrt{\frac{1-x}{1+4x}}\]

?

Treat it as $(1-x)^{\frac{1}{2}}(1+4x)^{-\frac{1}{2}}$ and multiply the expansions together.